with author or notwith corporate authorwith editorchapters in booksworks in anthologiesmulti-volume worksreprintsforeign worksbooks in seriesreportsencyclopedias
personal authorcompilerillustratorautobiographypseudonymanonymousorganizationauthor as publishergroupedited chaptersanthologyanthology (single author)single worksingle work (no author)various authorssingle authorvarious authorssingle authorno editormulti-volume setvolume with titlevolume without titlevolume with editorreprint of originalrepeat print runin the original languagetranslationtranslation (no author)translation (unknown date of original)numbered seriesunnumbered seriesgovernmentcommissionNGOpersonal authorwith report numberseparate authorsone authorno author/wikipediaonline onlyin regular issuein sectionin supplementPDFfull textDOIwith article numberforthcomingin repositorymagazine articlein regular issuewith editionon news websitesignedunsignedabstract in databaseabstract on websitein abstracting journalwith editorwith no editorpersonal authororganizationno authorsigned articlesunsigned/wikipediawith guest authorsblog owner as authorin bookno editorin journalin repositoryunpublishedabstract in bookabstract in journaloriginal thesispublished as a bookabstractcinema releasedigital-onlyYouTubedirect-to-videoreissued on discprogrammeepisodeepisode (with own author)programmeepisodeepisode (with own author)podcastwith authorno authorletterstudent assignmentlecture at unipublic lecturecourse handoutPowerPoint handout
Harvard in-text citationsentire workentire workpage cited in ref listno number repeatsrepeat in separate footnotessuperscripts
This citation points out that your source is the relevant page in the book referenced below (Hill, 2021, p. 177). Alternatively, refer to Hill (2021, p. 177) as your source.
... more
Footnote references
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Bibliographya▪to▪bnot 'by Anonymous'focus on contributororiginal publishercross-referencingminimal referenceonline:
pdfpdfpdfhtmldoiereaderfrom publisherfrom institutional repositoryfrom databaseon smart deviceon the webdigitizedon a vleon the webon the web
The entry in the bibliography specifies who wrote the book, what it is called, and where and when it was published:
Author (Year of publication) Title. Edition. Contributor. Place of publication: Publisher.
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with another worksame work againsame authorsame surnamecited in this workno dateno publisherno page numbersnot first edition
2ndrevised
2 authors or more
0123more
Getting started
• use the styles menu to change from Harvard to another referencing style.
• use the sources menu to specify what you are referencing.
• use the scenarios menu for various scenarios and tweaks.
• use the online checkbox to switch between the online and print versions of the references.
• mouse over or tap the various reference elements for further information about them.
In-text citations
harvardvancouvermlamhraapa
Bibliography
harvardvancouvermlamhraapa
Footnotes (mhra)
The MHRA standard calls for the works cited in your text to be referenced in footnotes (and in a bibliography at the end of your document).
• footnotes are numbered in the order the works are cited in your text
• the first footnote reference should be given in full and later references in an easily identifiable abbreviated form
• footnotes end with a period (references in the bibliography do not)
• you can use endnotes instead of footnotes (e.g. at the end of a chapter in a dissertation)
FAQ
About Citation Studio
Citation Studio's clear examples let you see for yourself how to cite a book, a book chapter, a journal article, a web page, a conference paper, a thesis or dissertation, a film or DVD, and more, in the Harvard, Vancouver, MLA, MHRA and APA referencing styles.
The examples speak for themselves but are accompanied by brief explanations, and you can also get targeted information tooltips on individual citation elements.
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Frequently Asked Questions
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What is an in-text citation?
An in-text citation briefly acknowledges your source of information in the body of your text (you don't want to pass other people's ideas as your own!). In-text citations should enable your readers to find the corresponding full bibliographic references in your list of works cited (or in footnotes in the case of MHRA).
Examples of in-text citations:
The Harvard and APA styles use the author-date format (Smith, 2015).
The MLA style uses the author's surname without the date (Smith).
With other reference styles, in-text citations are simply a number:
With MHRA, use the number of the footnote containing the full reference.
With Vancouver, use the number of the full reference in the list of works cited.
What is a bibliographic reference?
A bibliographic reference is the full record of a work you have used, and it should include all the information your readers need to consult it themselves. Unlike in-text citations (brief references in your text) full bibliographic references are given in a list of works cited (and in footnotes if you use a reference style like MHRA).
This is an example of a bibliographic reference in the Harvard style:
Hickey, M.A. (2011) Get real: reality and mystery. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Is a bibliography the same as a list of references?
A list of references (or a list or works cited) is a list of all the sources of information you refer to in your text.
A bibliography can have the same meaning, but it can also mean a list of all the sources of information you have used in your research, including works you do not explicitly refer to in your text.
What title should I give to my list of references?
Some reference styles do not specify what you should call your list of references. With Harvard and Vancouver, for example, you can choose your own title unless otherwise instructed, such as Reference list or List or works cited.
Other reference styles, on the other hand, stipulate a specific title:
Works Cited (MLA)
Bibliography (MHRA)
Refestylesourcerences (APA)
Which reference style is best?
All reference styles have their pros and cons, and you may have a personal preference for, say, a number system (like Vancouver), or an author-date system (like Harvard or APA), or for a system that supports footnotes (like MHRA). You may also lean toward a reference style that is associated with your subject (e.g. APA, from the American Psychological Association) but bear in mind that APA and other styles are used by writers in many disciplines. It may be that you do not have a choice in the matter: students are often instructed to follow a specific reference style, just as authors of journal articles have to follow the journal's instructions for authors.
Do I have to follow the style rules to the letter?
If you are given precise instructions on how to use a reference style, you cannot pick and choose how to format your references.
In the absence of specific instructions, you might have the freedom to decide, for example, which of the following two versions of Vancouver to follow (there are many others):
Levin GV. The curiousness of Curiosity. Astrobiology. 2015 Feb 1;15(2):101-103.
Levin GV. The curiousness of Curiosity. Astrobiology. 2015 Feb 1;15(2):101-103.
The golden rule is consistency.
What should I do if there is no style rule for what I want to cite?
Reference styles cannot specify how to cite absolutely everything, but bear in mind that there are general principles between the various style rules. If you cannot find out how to cite a particular item, try and find the reference format that seems to be the closest match.
The MLA reference style, for example, rests on a template of core elements that can be adapted if what you need to cite is not documented (How do I cite generative AI in MLA style?).
Following style rules and the principles that underpin the rules will ensure consistency.
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